A quartet of interactions.
نویسنده
چکیده
When people practice specific tasks –such as playing video games or speaking a second language– does this boost their general cognitive abilities? To what extent are our basic cognitive processes malleable? Are we to accept the hand that nature has dealt us –a short attention span, a fallible memory, a limited perceptual system– or is there hope that, with the right training and dogged persistence, we can grease the cogwheels of our cognitive machinery, improving performance beyond its apparent boundaries? These questions lie at the heart of a nature versus nurture dilemma that has recently manifested itself in at least three different paradigms. In the “brain training” paradigm, researchers study whether training on specific memory tasks results in transfer and helps increase the overall effectiveness of human working memory (e.g., Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides, & Shah, 2011; but see Shipstead, Redick, & Engle, 2012); in the “video gaming” paradigm, researchers study whether playing violent video games leads to improvements in visual perception (e.g., Bejjanki et al., 2014; but see van Ravenzwaaij, Boekel, Forstmann, Ratcliff, & Wagenmakers, 2014); finally, in the “bilingual” paradigm, researchers study whether people who speak a second language display better executive functioning – for instance, bilinguals are presumed to be relatively good in suppressing irrelevant information (e.g., Bialystok, Craik, & Luk, 2012; but see Hilchey, Saint-Aubin, & Klein, in press). All three paradigms face similar challenges: they require an enormous investment of resources –training people in memory tasks or video games, finding a matched set of bilingual and monolingual participants–, they present a myriad of ways in which a positive result can arise from confounds or contaminations, and they are beset by packs of skeptics and detractors who argue that the positive results are entirely spurious. The article under discussion represents the most recent volley on the part of the skeptics (Paap, Johnson, & Sawi, in press). The arguments by Paap et al. (in press) are
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior
دوره 73 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2015